Sorry but i don't really think any of these would be worth the time and money invested. maybe in the late 90's but not today. The exception would be writing articles and getting your name or company out there ( only cost is time). with the rest i feel your return would barely cover the cost of the pen or brochure or sample etc.
One of the most cost effective ways of promotion i have used over the past 10 years is bartering a few photos of one of our feature models for the cover of a local or even national magazine. In exchange for a small ad. These regional mags are always looking for high quality models for there cover but simply don't have the budget to shoot it themselves. This is getting more rare since allot of mags have been shutting down but we still do at least 10-15 of these deals a year. I just did one for this crazy Japanese physique/super hero mag? that contacted me looking for cover models. It's now gotten my foot in the door in japan and sales have been steady from a magazine i never even knew existed but has this massive underground following in Japan for muscle models and super hero type guys
I have also bartered photos to club owners and circuit party promoters for there flyers. With model courtesy of www.markwolff.com or www.jockbutt.com printed in bold on the bottom of every brochure or flyer. This type of promotion costs me $0 but can create plenty of sales and branding.